How does the Holy Spirit testify with our spirit that we’re children of God?

“The Spirit himself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God,” Romans 8:16 (ESV)

The Holy Spirit lives within those redeemed by faith in Jesus as the Holy Spirit is the Seal and Guarantor of covenant relationship with the Father (Ephesians 1:13-14). It is the Holy Spirit who teaches, tutors, counsels, comforts, defends, intercedes for, those who belong to the Father by covenant promise (Jeremiah 31; Ezekiel 36; Hebrews 8:12; Hebrews 10); the Holy Spirit works in the daily life of the redeemed via the process of sanctification e.g. a divine preparation for service in the New Jerusalem; this is accomplished via the human conscience via the “new creation” in Christ (Ephesians 1:13-14; 2 Corinthians 5:17); therefore, the presence of the Spirit in one’s life is undeniable and the Spirit therefore testifies with our spirit that we belong to the Father by faith in His Son; in this, there is peace (Romans 5:1).